As many as 1 in 150 people are estimated to have axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA)1, an inflammatory form of arthritis that is associated with chronic lower back pain. Axial spondyloarthritis is an umbrella term for types of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affect the spine and the sacroiliac (SI) joints that connect the lower spine to the pelvis, resulting in pain in the lower back, hips and buttocks. There are two subtypes of axSpA:

  • Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis
  • Radiographic axial spondyloarthritis — also known as ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

“Non-radiographic” means that damage to the joints is not visible on X-ray. When changes to the vertebrae (the bones of the spine) or SI joints don’t show any changes on an X-ray, that’s known as non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA). Once the joints are clearly affected on an X-ray, a person can be diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis.

The disease often takes as long as 10 years to be diagnosed — a delay that can hugely impact your quality of life and lead to disability, missed time at work and increased health care costs. Even worse, since the disease is progressive, you may become more debilitated over time. Left untreated, the vertebrae in your spine can fuse.

Unfortunately, awareness of axial spondyloarthritis, including symptoms and what it takes to get diagnosed, is severely lacking. Here’s the scoop on this little-known disease.

Axial Spondyloarthritis: One Disease with Two Stages

“Our understanding of axial spondyloarthritis has really evolved in the last few years. We now understand that non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are both in the same spectrum of disease,” explains Hillary Norton, MD, a rheumatologist in private practice in Santa Fe, New Mexico, who herself has AS. “The symptoms are the same, and the response to treatment is the same, but we don’t yet know who will progress to radiographic disease.”

Indeed, nr-axSpA may occur as early disease or may be a separate entity that never progresses to AS.

“While every AS patient, at some point, was non-radiographic, not everyone will progress to AS, particularly women,” says Dr Norton.

Different studies have found rates of progression from nr-axSpA to AS of 5 per cent to 30 per cent over two to 30 years, reports Atul A. Deodhar, MD, professor of medicine and the medical director of rheumatology clinics at Oregon Health & Sciences University in Portland, Oregon.

Who Gets Axial Spondyloarthritis

Age

AxSpA is a disease of the young: “It generally starts in people during their teens or in their twenties, or maybe in their thirties,” says Dr Deodhar. “Almost always, the disease starts before age 40.”

Sex

Gender-wise, axSpA is now considered an equal-opportunity offender. “We used to think this was a disease of men, but we now know that when we look at axSpA as a whole, it’s probably equal between men and women,” says Dr Norton.

Signs and Symptoms of Axial Spondyloarthritis

The primary symptom of axSpA is inflammatory back pain, which is back pain that occurs because of chronic inflammation in the joints of your spine. This is in contrast to mechanical back pain, which occurs because of things such as muscle strains, disc problems or other issues.

Inflammatory back pain in axial spondyloarthritis has some unique characteristics that, when taken together, can help doctors diagnose it. These include back pain that:

  • Starts before age 45
  • Lasts for at least three months (can be on and off)
  • Feels worse at night, generally in the second half of the night
  • Improves with activity and exercise and worsens with rest
  • Responds well to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen
  • Often occurs with “alternating buttock pain” (read more about buttock pain and AS)
  • Often occurs with limited spinal flexibility, which can become so severe that people can’t do day-to-day activities. “Just bending down and putting on socks is impossible,” says Dr Deodhar.

Other symptoms associated with axial spondyloarthritis may include:

  • Fatigue
  • Inflammation of the eye (uveitis)
  • Psoriasis
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Arthritis in one or more peripheral joints (those in the hands, feet, arms and legs)
  • Enthesitis, which is inflammation in places where ligaments and tendons connect with bones, such as at the Achilles heel in the foot

“The impact on quality of life can be tremendous,” says Dr Norton. “This is largely an invisible disease that rages at night and loss of sleep is a huge issue for quality of life. Absenteeism from work is a big problem as well.”

Causes of Axial Spondyloarthritis

Doctors and researchers still have a lot to learn about what causes axial spondyloarthritis. “It’s a combination autoimmune and inflammatory disease, meaning the innate and adaptive immune systems [the body’s first- and second-line defences] are both involved,” explains Dr Norton. While some risk factors can’t be changed, others can.

Genes and family history

There is a genetic disposition to developing axSpA. The risk of developing it increases if a first-degree relative (a parent, sibling or child) has it. HLA-B27, a genetic marker, is thought to be present in more than about 10 per cent of healthy Australians, while the incidence of ankylosing spondylitis is approximately 0.5 per cent. This means that most people who have a positive HLA-B27 result do not develop radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.2

Environment

Factors in your environment and other diseases you have may increase your risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis, but these aren’t very well understood. They include exposure to certain infections, toxins and pollutants; injury to affected joints; changes in the bacteria in your colon; and bowel inflammation. More research is needed to understand how such factors influence the onset and severity of AS.

Lifestyle

While some risk factors can’t be changed, others can. “Not smoking is important since this can worsen the severity of the disease,” says Dr Norton. Healthy lifestyle choices, such as exercising and eating a nutritious diet are also important while living with axSpA.

Exercise is particularly critical because it can help relieve symptoms of inflammatory back pain and help people with axSpA maintain a flexible spine and joint mobility. Given the potential role that bacteria in the gut have on these inflammatory conditions, eating more prebiotic and probiotic foods like sauerkraut, yogurt, asparagus and onions is recommended.

How Axial Spondyloarthritis Is Diagnosed

There’s no “gold standard” feature for diagnosing axSpA. It’s diagnosed through a combination of patient history, physical examination, blood tests (both for HLA-B27 and for markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein) and imaging tests, such as X-ray and MRI.

Since it can take up to 10 years for X-rays to show damage from inflammation, clinicians may use an MRI to help diagnose axSpA earlier. “The presence of the HLA-B27 genotype and MRI changes of active inflammation would clinch the diagnosis,” says Dr Deodhar.

That said, studies show that the usefulness of MRI in the diagnostic process may be limited.3 This points out the importance of working closely with an experienced rheumatologist to help diagnose your condition and guide your therapy.

Back pain is so common in the general population that the diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis may come down to having accompanying symptoms like eye inflammation, skin problems like psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease. Or maybe your back pain gets better with exercise and worse with rest. “All of these kinds of things make you think, ‘Hmm, this back pain is different,’” says Dr Deodhar. “Physicians need to keep their antennae up.”

The Importance of Early Detection of Axial Spondyloarthritis

“Early diagnosis is important, as it can help prevent unnecessary procedures, and help patients to find a treatment regimen that works for them to help minimise symptoms and maintain function,” says Dr Norton.

The early development of symptoms is one of the reasons for the delay in diagnosing the disease — generally people who develop back pain in their twenties aren’t aware that it could be from a chronic autoinflammatory disease, says Dr Norton.

“When they do seek care, they may go to a chiropractor, a sports medicine physician or a GP and may not get seen by a rheumatologist for quite some time.” And since inflammatory back pain differs from mechanical back pain, treating it the same way doesn’t help and can result in permanent damage. (Inflammatory back pain generally improves with movement and does not improve with rest while mechanical back pain is the opposite). The ongoing inflammation from your immune system will continue to cause pain, and over time, possibly cause the vertebrae in your spine to fuse.

While it’s easy to think that your back pain is due to a muscle sprain or herniated disc, it’s important to see a rheumatologist if your back pain has inflammatory characteristics.

The good news about axSpA is that it’s a hot topic in the field of rheumatology and new therapeutic options are constantly being researched and developed.

 

Learn more about axial spondylitis by downloading our free resource A Patient’s Guide to Living with Axial Spondyloarthritis in Australia.

 

This information should never replace the information and advice from your treating doctors. It is meant to inform the discussion that you have with healthcare professionals, as well as others who play a role in your care and well-being.

 

This article has been adapted, with permission, from a corresponding article by Karyn Repinski on the CreakyJoints US website. Some content may have been changed to suit our Australian audience.

 

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Sources

1 Axial Spondyloarthritis International Federation (ASIF): About axSpA. https://asif.info/about-axspa/

2 Cook N, Buchbinder R. Utility of common investigations for suspected inflammatory arthritis in adults. Australian Prescriber Aust Prescr. 2024 Aug 20;47(4):119–124. doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2024.035

3 Nelson, F. Rheumatology Republic, January 2020, Disparities in time to diagnosis of Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. https://www.rheuma.com.au/mri-thresholds-axspa-need-update/247